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Tutorial

Making nr blastdb for specific taxids

Attention:

BLAST+ 2.8.1 is released with new databases, which allows you to limit your search by taxonomy using information built into the BLAST databases. So you don't need to build blastdb for specific taxids now.

Changes:

2018-09-13 rewritten
2018-12-22 providing faster method for step 3.1
2019-01-07 add note of new blastdb version

Data:

pre-formated blastdb (09/10/2018)
prot.accession2taxid.gz (09/07/2018) (optional, but recommended)

Hardware in this tutorial

CPU: AMD 8-cores/16-threads 3.7Ghz
RAM: 32GB
DISK:
- Taxonomy files stores in NVMe SSD
- blatdb files stores in 7200rpm HDD

Tools:

blast+
pigz (recommended, faster than gzip)
taxonkit
seqkit (recommended)
rush (optional, for parallizing filtering sequence)

Steps:

Listing all taxids below $id using taxonkit.

id=6656

# 6656 is the phylum Arthropoda
# echo 6656 | taxonkit lineage | taxonkit reformat
# 6656    cellular organisms;Eukaryota;Opisthokonta;Metazoa;Eumetazoa;Bilateria;Protostomia;Ecdysozoa;Panarthropoda;Arthropoda    Eukaryota;Arthropoda;;;;;

# time: 3s
taxonkit list --ids $id --indent "" > $id.taxid.txt

wc -l $id.taxid.txt
# 518373 6656.taxid.txt

Retrieving target accessions. There are two options:

From prot.accession2taxid.gz (faster, recommended). Note that some accessions are not in nr.

# time: 4min
pigz -dc prot.accession2taxid.gz \
    | csvtk grep -t -f taxid -P $id.taxid.txt \
    | csvtk cut -t -f accession.version \
    | sed 1d \
    > $id.acc.txt

wc -l $id.acc.txt
# 8174609 6656.acc.txt

From pre-formated nr blastdb

# time: 40min
blastdbcmd -db nr -entry all -outfmt "%a %T" | pigz -c > nr.acc2taxid.txt.gz

pigz -dc nr.acc2taxid.txt.gz | wc -l
# 555220892

# time: 3min
pigz -dc nr.acc2taxid.txt.gz \
    | csvtk grep -d ' ' -D ' ' -f 2 -P $id.taxid.txt \
    | cut -d ' '  -f 1 \
    > $id.acc.txt

wc -l $id.acc.txt
# 6928021 6656.acc.txt

Retrieving FASTA sequences from pre-formated blastdb. There are two options:

From nr.fa exported from pre-formated blastdb (faster, smaller output file, recommended). DO NOT directly download nr.gz from ncbi ftp, in which the FASTA headers are not well formated.

# 1. exporting nr.fa from pre-formated blastdb

# time: 117min (run only once)
blastdbcmd -db nr -dbtype prot -entry all -outfmt "%f" -out - | pigz -c > nr.fa.gz

# =====================================================================

# 2. filtering sequence belong to $taxid

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------

# methond 1)
# time: 80min
# perl one-liner is used to unfold records having mulitple accessions
cat <(echo) <(pigz -dc nr.fa.gz) \
    | perl -e 'BEGIN{ $/ = "\n>"; <>; } while(<>){s/>$//;  $i = index $_, "\n"; $h = substr $_, 0, $i; $s = substr $_, $i+1; if ($h !~ />/) { print ">$_"; next; }; $h = ">$h"; while($h =~ />([^ ]+ .+?) ?(?=>|$)/g){ $h1 = $1; $h1 =~ s/^\W+//; print ">$h1\n$s";} } ' \
    | seqkit grep --delete-matched -f $id.acc.txt -o nr.$id.fa.gz

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------

# method 2) (**faster**)

# 33min (run only once)
# (1). split nr.fa.gz. # Note: I have 16 cpus.
$ time seqkit split2 -p 15 nr.fa.gz

# (2). parallize unfolding
$ cat unfold_blastdb_fa.sh
#!/bin/sh
perl -e 'BEGIN{ $/ = "\n>"; <>; } while(<>){s/>$//;  $i = index $_, "\n"; $h = substr $_, 0, $i; $s = substr $_, $i+1; if ($h !~ />/) { print ">$_"; next; }; $h = ">$h"; while($h =~ />([^ ]+ .+?) ?(?=>|$)/g){ $h1 = $1; $h1 =~ s/^\W+//; print ">$h1\n$s";} } '

# 10 min
ls nr.fa.gz.split/nr.part_*.fa.gz \
    | rush -j 15 -v id=$id 'cat <(echo) <(pigz -dc {}) \
        | ./unfold_blastdb_fa.sh \
        | seqkit grep --delete-matched -f {id}.acc.txt -o nr.{id}.{%@nr\.(.+)$} '

# (3). merge result
cat nr.$id.part*.fa.gz > nr.$id.fa.gz
rm nr.$id.part*.fa.gz

# =====================================================================

# 3. counting sequences
#
# ls -lh nr.$id.fa.gz
# -rw-r--r-- 1 shenwei shenwei 902M 9月  13 01:42 nr.6656.fa.gz
#
pigz -dc nr.$id.fa.gz | grep '^>' -c

# 6928017
# Here 6928017 ~=  6928021 ($id.acc.txt)

Directly from pre-formated blastdb

# time: 5h20min
blastdbcmd -db nr -entry_batch $id.acc.txt -out - | pigz -c > nr.$id.fa.gz

# counting sequences
#
# Note that the headers of outputed fasta by blastdbcmd are "folded"
# for accessions from different species with same sequences, so the
# number may be small than $(wc -l $id.acc.txt).
pigz -dc nr.$id.fa.gz | grep '^>' -c
# 1577383

# counting accessions
#
# ls -lh nr.$id.fa.gz
# -rw-r--r-- 1 shenwei shenwei 2.1G 9月  13 03:38 nr.6656.fa.gz
#
pigz -dc nr.$id.fa.gz | grep '^>' | sed 's/>/\n>/g' | grep '^>' -c
# 288415413

makeblastdb

pigz -dc nr.$id.fa.gz > nr.$id.fa

# time: 3min ($nr.$id.fa from step 3 option 1)
#
# building $nr.$id.fa from step 3 option 2 with -parse_seqids would produce error:
#
#     BLAST Database creation error: Error: Duplicate seq_ids are found: SP|P29868.1
#
makeblastdb -parse_seqids -in nr.$id.fa -dbtype prot -out nr.$id

# rm nr.$id.fa

blastp (optional)

# blastdb nr.$id is built from sequences in step 3 option 1
#
blastp -num_threads 16 -db nr.$id -query t4.fa > t4.fa.blast
# real    0m20.866s

# $ cat t4.fa.blast | grep Query= -A 10
# Query= A0A0J9X1W9.2 RecName: Full=Mu-theraphotoxin-Hd1a; Short=Mu-TRTX-Hd1a
#
# Length=35
                                                                     Score     E
# Sequences producing significant alignments:                          (Bits)  Value

# 2MPQ_A  Chain A, Solution structure of the sodium channel toxin Hd1a  72.4    2e-17
# A0A0J9X1W9.2  RecName: Full=Mu-theraphotoxin-Hd1a; Short=Mu-TRTX-...  72.4    2e-17
# ADB56726.1  HNTX-IV.2 precursor [Haplopelma hainanum]                 66.6    9e-15
# D2Y233.1  RecName: Full=Mu-theraphotoxin-Hhn1b 2; Short=Mu-TRTX-H...  66.6    9e-15
# ADB56830.1  HNTX-IV.3 precursor [Haplopelma hainanum]                 66.6    9e-15